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Norman Corwin est un Acteur et Scénariste Américain né le 3 mai 1910 à Boston (Etats-Unis)
Norman Lewis Corwin (May 3, 1910 – October 18, 2011) was an American writer, screenwriter, producer, essayist and teacher of journalism and writing. His earliest and biggest successes were in the writing and directing of radio drama during the 1930s and 1940s.
Corwin was among the first producers to regularly use entertainment—even light entertainment—to tackle serious social issues. In this area he was a peer of Orson Welles and William N. Robson, and an inspiration to other later radio/TV writers such as Rod Serling, Gene Roddenberry, Norman Lear, J. Michael Straczynski and Yuri Rasovsky.
He was the son of Samuel and Rose Corwin and was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Corwin was a major figure during the Golden Age of Radio. During the 1930s and 1940s he was a writer and producer of many radio programs in many genres: history, biography, fantasy, fiction, poetry and drama. He was the writer and creator of series such as The Columbia Workshop, 13 By Corwin, 26 By Corwin and others. He recently was a lecturer at the University of Southern California.
Corwin won a One World Award, two Peabody Medals, an Emmy, a Golden Globe, a duPont-Columbia Award; he was nominated for an Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay for Lust for Life (1956). On May 12, 1990, he received an Honorary Doctorate from Lincoln College. In 1996 he received the Doctor of Humane Letters honoris causa from California Lutheran University. Corwin was inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame in 1993.
A documentary film on Corwin's life, A Note of Triumph: The Golden Age of Norman Corwin, won an Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Feature) in 2006. Les Guthman's feature documentary on Mr. Corwin's career, Corwin aired on PBS in the 1990s. He was inducted into the Pacific Pioneer Broadcasters Diamond Circle in 1994.
Corwin was married in 1947 to actress Katherine Locke. They had two children – an adopted son, Anthony Leon, and a daughter, Diane Arlene. Katherine Locke died in 1995.
Religious views
Corwin was Jewish, and his parents observed Judaism. (His father, Sam Corwin, attended holiday services until his death at 110). While not an observant Jew, Corwin has infused much of his work with the ideas of the Hebrew Prophets. One of the prayerbooks of American Reform Judaism, Shaarei Tefila: Gates of Prayer, contains a portion of the Prayer from the finale of Corwin's On a Note of Triumph (see link to full text below).
Lord God of test-tube and blueprint
Who jointed molecules of dust and shook them till their name was Adam,
Who taught worms and stars how they could live together,
Appear now among the parliaments of conquerors and give instruction to their schemes:
Measure out new liberties so none shall suffer for his father's color or the credo of his choice:
Post proofs that brotherhood is not so wild a dream as those who profit by postponing it pretend:
Sit at the treaty table and convoy the hopes of the little peoples through expected straits,
And press into the final seal a sign that peace will come for longer than posterities can see ahead,
That man unto his fellow man shall be a friend forever.
Early career
Corwin worked as a newspaper journalist for the Greenfield Recorder and the Springfield Republican, and later read news over WBZA in Massachusetts. He moved to New York City in 1936 and created a program for independent station WQXR. In 1938, he began working for the CBS Radio Network. CBS scheduled Norman Corwin's Words Without Music, the first usage of a writer's name in a program title; the series included two of his more famous works, The Plot to Overthrow Christmas, a fantasy in rhyme, and They Fly Through The Air, an impassioned reaction to the Spanish Civil War. In 1941 Corwin was given the timeslot and resources of the Columbia Workshop program for a full six months, under the title 26 By Corwin, which required him to conceive, write, cast, direct and produce a completely new play every seven days.
We Hold These Truths was first broadcast on December 15, 1941, in honor of the 150th anniversary of the United States Bill of Rights. It was written at the "invitation" (Corwin's word) of the U.S. Office of Facts and Figures. Corwin reports being on a train on his way to California to produce the program when news of the attack on Pearl Harbor came to him. He sent a telegram to Washington at the next stop, asking if the OFF still wanted the program done. When he got to Albuquerque, a telegram was waiting for him: "the President says, 'now more than ever.'" Many radio and movie stars of the day featured, along with an epilogue by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. With an audience of 60 million listeners it became one of the most famous ever produced on radio.
Columbia Presents Corwin (1944) offered stories ranging from serious to whimsical. His most famous work is On a Note of Triumph, a celebration of the Allied victory in Europe, first broadcast on VE Day, May 8, 1945. Not knowing where he would be when the end came, broadcast historian Erik Barnouw wrote, Corwin had performers ready in both New York City and Los Angeles. The program went on (from the Los Angeles studios of CBS Radio Station KNX), with Martin Gabel as host/narrator and with William L. Shirer (via cable from New York) re-creating his role as reporter in the Compeigne forest covering the French surrender to Germany. Corwin wrote a similar program for CBS, Fourteen August, which was broadcast on V-J Day.
Corwin was the first winner of the One World Award established by the Common Council for American Unity along with the (Wendell) Willkie Memorial of Freedom House. The award's winner was given an around the world trip. He won the award for his contributions in the field of mass communication to the concept of the world becoming more unified. In June 1946, he set out from New York for a 4 month journey. He interviewed both world leaders and ordinary citizens, accompanied by a CBS recording engineer with 225 pounds of magnetic wire recording equipment. His 100 hours of recorded interviews was transcribed and took up 3700 pages. The CBS network then molded his work into a 13 part documentary that was aired in the Winter and Spring of 1947. Programs featured Great Britain, Western Europe, Sweden and Poland, Russia, Czechoslovakia, Italy, Egypt and India, Shanghai and Cities of the Far East, The Philippines, Australia, and New Zealand.
Corwin wrote and directed two plays produced on Broadway, The Rivalry (1959) and The World of Carl Sandburg (1960). According to Ray Bradbury, Corwin was responsible for the eventual publication of Bradbury's The Martian Chronicles.
Composer David Raksin's "reverent orchestral theme" for the 1950 MGM film The Next Voice You Hear... was later published with original lyrics by Corwin as a hymn, "Hasten the Day".
Middle career
Corwin wrote a number of motion picture screenplays, including The Blue Veil (1951), Scandal at Scourie (1953), Lust for Life (1956), and The Story of Ruth (1961).
In the early 1970s Corwin produced and hosted the television show Norman Corwin Presents. In 1979 he hosted Academy Leaders, a weekly showcase for short films which had won or been nominated for an Adademy Award.
Corwin wrote several books, which include Trivializing America; plus many essays, letters, articles and plays.
Later career
In the 1980s Corwin was one of the writing teachers of J. Michael Straczynski, creator of the television series Babylon 5. Stracyzynski named a recurring character in the series, David Corwin
, after Norman; on the rec.arts.babylon5.moderated Usenet newsgroup, Stracyzynski wrote a series of posts on Norman Corwin's work.
During the 1990s, Corwin returned to radio drama, producing a series of radio plays for National Public Radio. In 1993, Corwin was finally inducted into the Radio Hall of Fame after a long career.
And in 2001, NPR aired six new plays by Corwin under the title More By Corwin. He also lectured at USC as a visiting professor [1] and was also on the Advisory Board of the National Audio Theatre Festival. Corwin celebrated his 100th birthday in May 2010. Corwin died at the age of 101 on October 18, 2011.
(1956)
(Scénariste)
Source : Wikidata
Norman Corwin
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Nom de naissance Norman Lewis Corwin
Nationalité Etats-Unis
Naissance 3 mai 1910 à Boston (Etats-Unis)
Mort 18 octobre 2011 (à 101 ans) à Los Angeles (Etats-Unis)
Récompenses Peabody Awards
Nationalité Etats-Unis
Naissance 3 mai 1910 à Boston (Etats-Unis)
Mort 18 octobre 2011 (à 101 ans) à Los Angeles (Etats-Unis)
Récompenses Peabody Awards
Corwin was among the first producers to regularly use entertainment—even light entertainment—to tackle serious social issues. In this area he was a peer of Orson Welles and William N. Robson, and an inspiration to other later radio/TV writers such as Rod Serling, Gene Roddenberry, Norman Lear, J. Michael Straczynski and Yuri Rasovsky.
He was the son of Samuel and Rose Corwin and was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Corwin was a major figure during the Golden Age of Radio. During the 1930s and 1940s he was a writer and producer of many radio programs in many genres: history, biography, fantasy, fiction, poetry and drama. He was the writer and creator of series such as The Columbia Workshop, 13 By Corwin, 26 By Corwin and others. He recently was a lecturer at the University of Southern California.
Corwin won a One World Award, two Peabody Medals, an Emmy, a Golden Globe, a duPont-Columbia Award; he was nominated for an Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay for Lust for Life (1956). On May 12, 1990, he received an Honorary Doctorate from Lincoln College. In 1996 he received the Doctor of Humane Letters honoris causa from California Lutheran University. Corwin was inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame in 1993.
A documentary film on Corwin's life, A Note of Triumph: The Golden Age of Norman Corwin, won an Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Feature) in 2006. Les Guthman's feature documentary on Mr. Corwin's career, Corwin aired on PBS in the 1990s. He was inducted into the Pacific Pioneer Broadcasters Diamond Circle in 1994.
Biographie
Marriage and childrenCorwin was married in 1947 to actress Katherine Locke. They had two children – an adopted son, Anthony Leon, and a daughter, Diane Arlene. Katherine Locke died in 1995.
Religious views
Corwin was Jewish, and his parents observed Judaism. (His father, Sam Corwin, attended holiday services until his death at 110). While not an observant Jew, Corwin has infused much of his work with the ideas of the Hebrew Prophets. One of the prayerbooks of American Reform Judaism, Shaarei Tefila: Gates of Prayer, contains a portion of the Prayer from the finale of Corwin's On a Note of Triumph (see link to full text below).
Lord God of test-tube and blueprint
Who jointed molecules of dust and shook them till their name was Adam,
Who taught worms and stars how they could live together,
Appear now among the parliaments of conquerors and give instruction to their schemes:
Measure out new liberties so none shall suffer for his father's color or the credo of his choice:
Post proofs that brotherhood is not so wild a dream as those who profit by postponing it pretend:
Sit at the treaty table and convoy the hopes of the little peoples through expected straits,
And press into the final seal a sign that peace will come for longer than posterities can see ahead,
That man unto his fellow man shall be a friend forever.
Early career
Corwin worked as a newspaper journalist for the Greenfield Recorder and the Springfield Republican, and later read news over WBZA in Massachusetts. He moved to New York City in 1936 and created a program for independent station WQXR. In 1938, he began working for the CBS Radio Network. CBS scheduled Norman Corwin's Words Without Music, the first usage of a writer's name in a program title; the series included two of his more famous works, The Plot to Overthrow Christmas, a fantasy in rhyme, and They Fly Through The Air, an impassioned reaction to the Spanish Civil War. In 1941 Corwin was given the timeslot and resources of the Columbia Workshop program for a full six months, under the title 26 By Corwin, which required him to conceive, write, cast, direct and produce a completely new play every seven days.
We Hold These Truths was first broadcast on December 15, 1941, in honor of the 150th anniversary of the United States Bill of Rights. It was written at the "invitation" (Corwin's word) of the U.S. Office of Facts and Figures. Corwin reports being on a train on his way to California to produce the program when news of the attack on Pearl Harbor came to him. He sent a telegram to Washington at the next stop, asking if the OFF still wanted the program done. When he got to Albuquerque, a telegram was waiting for him: "the President says, 'now more than ever.'" Many radio and movie stars of the day featured, along with an epilogue by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. With an audience of 60 million listeners it became one of the most famous ever produced on radio.
Columbia Presents Corwin (1944) offered stories ranging from serious to whimsical. His most famous work is On a Note of Triumph, a celebration of the Allied victory in Europe, first broadcast on VE Day, May 8, 1945. Not knowing where he would be when the end came, broadcast historian Erik Barnouw wrote, Corwin had performers ready in both New York City and Los Angeles. The program went on (from the Los Angeles studios of CBS Radio Station KNX), with Martin Gabel as host/narrator and with William L. Shirer (via cable from New York) re-creating his role as reporter in the Compeigne forest covering the French surrender to Germany. Corwin wrote a similar program for CBS, Fourteen August, which was broadcast on V-J Day.
Corwin was the first winner of the One World Award established by the Common Council for American Unity along with the (Wendell) Willkie Memorial of Freedom House. The award's winner was given an around the world trip. He won the award for his contributions in the field of mass communication to the concept of the world becoming more unified. In June 1946, he set out from New York for a 4 month journey. He interviewed both world leaders and ordinary citizens, accompanied by a CBS recording engineer with 225 pounds of magnetic wire recording equipment. His 100 hours of recorded interviews was transcribed and took up 3700 pages. The CBS network then molded his work into a 13 part documentary that was aired in the Winter and Spring of 1947. Programs featured Great Britain, Western Europe, Sweden and Poland, Russia, Czechoslovakia, Italy, Egypt and India, Shanghai and Cities of the Far East, The Philippines, Australia, and New Zealand.
Corwin wrote and directed two plays produced on Broadway, The Rivalry (1959) and The World of Carl Sandburg (1960). According to Ray Bradbury, Corwin was responsible for the eventual publication of Bradbury's The Martian Chronicles.
Composer David Raksin's "reverent orchestral theme" for the 1950 MGM film The Next Voice You Hear... was later published with original lyrics by Corwin as a hymn, "Hasten the Day".
Middle career
Corwin wrote a number of motion picture screenplays, including The Blue Veil (1951), Scandal at Scourie (1953), Lust for Life (1956), and The Story of Ruth (1961).
In the early 1970s Corwin produced and hosted the television show Norman Corwin Presents. In 1979 he hosted Academy Leaders, a weekly showcase for short films which had won or been nominated for an Adademy Award.
Corwin wrote several books, which include Trivializing America; plus many essays, letters, articles and plays.
Later career
In the 1980s Corwin was one of the writing teachers of J. Michael Straczynski, creator of the television series Babylon 5. Stracyzynski named a recurring character in the series, David Corwin
, after Norman; on the rec.arts.babylon5.moderated Usenet newsgroup, Stracyzynski wrote a series of posts on Norman Corwin's work.
During the 1990s, Corwin returned to radio drama, producing a series of radio plays for National Public Radio. In 1993, Corwin was finally inducted into the Radio Hall of Fame after a long career.
And in 2001, NPR aired six new plays by Corwin under the title More By Corwin. He also lectured at USC as a visiting professor [1] and was also on the Advisory Board of the National Audio Theatre Festival. Corwin celebrated his 100th birthday in May 2010. Corwin died at the age of 101 on October 18, 2011.
Ses meilleurs films
(1956)(Scénariste)
Le plus souvent avec
Filmographie de Norman Corwin (14 films)
Acteur
Ajouter à une liste de films
, 1h35Origine Etats-Unis
Genres Documentaire
Thèmes Film sur un écrivain, Documentaire sur le monde des affaires, Documentaire sur le cinéma
Acteurs Orson Welles, Peter Bogdanovich, Julie Taymor, Steven Spielberg, Martin Scorsese, Elvis Mitchell
Rôle Self - Pioneer Radio Producer (archive footage)
Note68%
, 39minutesOrigine Etats-Unis
Genres Documentaire
Thèmes Film sur un écrivain, Documentaire sur la guerre, Documentaire historique, Documentaire sur une personnalité, Politique, Documentaire sur la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Acteurs Robert Altman, Norman Corwin, Walter Cronkite, Norman Lear
Note69%
Origine Etats-Unis
Genres Documentaire
Thèmes La musique, Documentaire sur le monde des affaires, Documentaire sur le cinéma, Documentaire sur la musique, Documentaire sur une personnalité, Musique
Acteurs Elmer Bernstein, Philip Bosco, Claude Chabrol, Norman Corwin, Lucille Fletcher, Bernard Herrmann
Rôle Lui-même
Note74%
Scénariste
Hoshi no Orpheus (1978)
, 1h20Genres Fantasy, Musical, Animation
Thèmes La musique, Mythologie, Musique, Mythologie grecque, Mythologie gréco-romaine
Acteurs Peter Ustinov
Note61%
Madison Avenue (1961)
, 1h30Réalisé par H. Bruce Humberstone
Origine Etats-Unis
Genres Drame, Romance
Acteurs Dana Andrews, Eleanor Parker, Jeanne Crain, Eddie Albert, Howard St. John, David White
Note59%
Clint Lorimer (Dana Andrews) works for an advertising company run by J.D. Jocelyn (Howard St. John). He is fired after Jocelyn finds out that Clint intends to form his own ad agency and steal a top client.
L'Histoire de Ruth (1960)
, 2h12Réalisé par Henry Koster
Origine Etats-Unis
Genres Drame, Historique, Péplum
Thèmes Religion, La bible, Religion juive, Films pour enfants
Acteurs Stuart Whitman, Tom Tryon, Peggy Wood, Viveca Lindfors, Jeff Morrow, Elana Eden
Rôle Ecrivain
Note67%
Ruth, la fille d’un pauvre paysan est vendue par son père aux prêtres de Moab qui l’élèvent au culte du dieu Chemosh. Après quelque temps, elle vient d’être désignée par le grand prêtre la plus digne pour être sacrifiée au dieu. Mais elle est remplacée car soudain une tache est apparue sur sa peau. À vingt ans, elle est élue prêtresse et a la charge de conduire au sacrifice une petite fille. Ayant connu une famille de juifs, Ruth est frappée par la pureté de leurs sentiments religieux et se sent ébranlée dans sa propre foi. Le jour du sacrifice sur l’autel, Ruth, vaincue par l’horreur, fuit. Suspectant la prêtresse d’être amoureuse de Mahlon, le grand prêtre le fait arrêter et condamner à travailler dans les mines toute sa vie.
La Maja nue (1958)
, 1h51Réalisé par Paolo Cavara, Henry Koster
Origine Etats-Unis
Genres Drame, Biographie, Aventure, Historique, Romance
Thèmes Peinture
Acteurs Ava Gardner, Anthony Franciosa, Gino Buzzanca, Gino Cervi, Lea Padovani, Massimo Serato
Note55%
En Espagne, à la fin du XVIII siècle, le peintre Francisco de Goya fait la connaissance de la duchesse d'Albe. Elle devient son mécène, son modèle et sa maîtresse...
, 2h2Réalisé par George Cukor, Vincente Minnelli
Origine Etats-Unis
Genres Drame, Biographie, Comédie musicale, Historique
Thèmes Peinture, Vincent van Gogh
Acteurs Kirk Douglas, Anthony Quinn, James Donald, Pamela Brown, Everett Sloane, Niall MacGinnis
Note72%
Biographie du célèbre peintre hollandais Vincent van Gogh : sa piété, ses amours déchues, l'amour qu'il porte à son frère, son caractère et, surtout, sa dévotion obsessionnelle à la peinture et au dessin - responsables de sa « folie » - nous sont contés.
Moby Dick (1956)
, 1h55Réalisé par John Huston
Origine Etats-Unis
Genres Drame, Action, Aventure
Thèmes Mise en scène d'un animal, La mer, Transport, Le monde du travail, Cétacé, Le handicap, Mise en scène d'un cétacé
Acteurs Gregory Peck, Richard Basehart, Leo Genn, Orson Welles, Ronald Lacey, James Robertson Justice
Note72%
Ishmaël , jeune marin qui rêve d'aventure, s'embarque à bord du Péquod, un baleinier. Ce navire est commandé par le capitaine Achab qui est mû par une unique obsession : il veut absolument tuer Moby Dick, un cachalot blanc, qui lui a fait perdre sa jambe. Achab entraînera ainsi son équipage à le suivre à travers toutes les mers, à la poursuite du monstre mais aussi de son propre destin.
Tous en scène ! (1953)
, 1h52Réalisé par Vincente Minnelli, Jerry Thorpe
Origine Etats-Unis
Genres Comédie, Comédie romantique, Musical, Romance
Thèmes Danse, La musique, Musique
Acteurs Fred Astaire, Cyd Charisse, Oscar Levant, Nanette Fabray, Jack Buchanan, Ava Gardner
Rôle Ecrivain
Note73%
Arrivée de Tony Hunter (Fred Astaire) à New York. Ses amis et paroliers Marton (Oscar Levant et Nanette Fabray) l’accueillent à la gare. Tony les quitte pour faire la tournée de Broadway, il danse et chante avec un cireur de chaussures noir (Leroy Daniels). Les Marton et Tony assistent à la fin d’Œdipe roi, monté et joué par Jeffrey Cordova (Jack Buchanan). Tony finit par se laisser convaincre de jouer dans la nouvelle revue des Marton, que Cordova pense comme un Faust moderne. Cordova engage Paul Byrd (James Mitchell) pour la chorégraphie de la revue et l’amène à proposer sa compagne, la danseuse classique Gabrielle Gérard (Cyd Charisse), comme partenaire de Tony. La première rencontre de Tony et Gabrielle, chez Cordova, après le ballet de Gabrielle, se passe mal : Tony a peur que Gabrielle soit plus grande que lui, Gabrielle est heurtée par l’inspection minutieuse de Tony, qu’il n’explique pas. Les répétitions se passent mal, Tony quitte la revue. Gabrielle est envoyée chez Tony pour lui faire des excuses. Finalement, il s’excuse de ses mauvaises manières. Ils sortent et dansent ensemble dans un parc. Une idylle s’ébauche, sous l’œil jaloux de Paul. La première est un four, le public est rebuté par l’intellectualisme poussé de Cordova. Tony prend la direction de la revue, repensée dans le sens du divertissement et de la gaieté. La première à New York est un triomphe, Gabrielle avoue son amour à Tony devant toute la troupe, à l’issue de la représentation.
Vicky (1953)
, 1h30Réalisé par Jean Negulesco
Origine Etats-Unis
Genres Drame
Acteurs Greer Garson, Walter Pidgeon, Donna Corcoran, Arthur Shields, Agnes Moorehead, Michael Pate
Rôle Ecrivain
Note65%
200px Catholic girl Patsy (Donna Corcoran) lives in an orphanage in Quebec. After the orphanage burns down due to Patsy's accidentally knocking over a lamp, she finds a new home with the McChesney couple, who live in Protestant Ottawa. While Victoria McChesney (Greer Garson) is excited about the new family member, Patrick McChesney (Walter Pidgeon) reacts reluctantly as he was uninformed of the adoption, and is also a candidate for the Parliament in Ottawa. After Victoria overcomes a case of mycetism caused by Patsy collecting poisonous mushrooms, Patsy is suspected of causing the flame cleaning of the local school. The examination of the case finds no concrete evidence against Patsy. McChesney declares to give up his candidature in order to accept Patsy as his daughter. Patsy, however, flees. In the meantime, her innocence is proven. Patsy is found again and accepted in the McChesney home as their daughter.
La Femme au voile bleu (1951)
, 1h53Réalisé par Busby Berkeley, Curtis Bernhardt
Origine Etats-Unis
Genres Drame
Acteurs Jane Wyman, Charles Laughton, Joan Blondell, Richard Carlson, Agnes Moorehead, Don Taylor
Rôle Ecrivain
Note71%
Louise Mason, ayant perdu son mari et son bébé, change le cours de sa vie : elle va porter le "voile bleu", c'est-à-dire qu'elle va se placer comme nurse jusqu'au restant de ses jours, chez une série d'employeurs aisés dont les enfants vont s'attacher à elle, et elle à eux ...
Il était une fois (1944)
, 1h29Réalisé par Alexander Hall
Origine Etats-Unis
Genres Science-fiction, Comédie, Fantasy
Thèmes L'enfance, Théâtre, Adaptation d'une pièce de théâtre
Acteurs Cary Grant, Janet Blair, James Gleason, Ted Donaldson, William Demarest, John Abbott
Rôle Histoire
Note60%
Un producteur de Broadway au bord de la faillite après trois échecs retentissants trouve une solution auprès de deux gamins et de leur chenille dansante.
Éternité et un jour (1943)
, 1h44Réalisé par Cedric Hardwicke, Frank Lloyd, Victor Saville, Robert Stevenson, René Clair, Edmund Goulding, Herbert Wilcox
Origine Etats-Unis
Genres Drame, Historique
Thèmes Transport, Aviation, Politique
Acteurs Kent Smith, George Kirby, Ruth Warrick, Merle Oberon, Ray Milland, Reginald Gardiner
Rôle Ecrivain
Note68%
Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Gates Trimble Pomfret (Kent Smith), un Américain, est à Londres pendant le Blitz afin de vendre l'ancestrale maison familiale. Le locataire actuel, Leslie Trimble (Ruth Warrick), tente de le dissuader de vendre en lui racontant l'histoire des 140 années de la maison et les relations entre les familles Trimble et Pomfret.